Hemolytic activity was determined by streaking the strains on heart infusion agar supplemented with 5% washed erythrocytes of human and sheep blood. Case reports, Paccalin M, Grollier G, Le Moal G, Rayeh F, Camiade C. Rupture of a primary aortic aneurysm infected with. The mechanism of S. putrefaciens biofilm formation is not yet described. 2013 Jul;89(1):151-6. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0055. Potential microbial invasion via ships'ballast water, sediment and biofilm. There are approximately 30 Shewanella strains; however, infections in humans are mainly caused by S. algae and S . Am J Trop Med Hyg. The S. algae isolates showed independent branching from S. haliotis and S. upenei based on gyrB gene with similarities values of 97.0-97.9% and 97.7-98.5%, respectively, which were much lower than in 16S rRNA (>99%). Nucleotide BLAST search of each strain showed >99% identity score to existing S. algae sequences in database. strings of text saved by a browser on the user's device. Shewanella algae is ubiquitous in marine-associated environments and has been increasingly recognized as a significant human pathogen that can cause serious infections mainly associated with exposure to seawater and ingestion of raw seafood. Hence, monitoring level of pathogenic species should be continued in incoming ballast water to protect the local environment from bacteriological risks and to guard the public on possible health risks in port environments. Four bacterial groups, namely, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Shewanella spp., and Burkholderia spp., which had 12, 11, 9, and 11 sequenced representatives, respectively, were included in the analyses. MUST KNOW IN BACTERIOLOGY. 2003. p. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. An official website of the United States government. Accessibility The pathogenic potential of Shewanella has been controversial as most cases of human infection develop in people with underlying comorbidities and occurred as polymicrobial infections [18,27]. [Opportunistic infections caused by Shewanella, new emergent bacteria]. These findings are consistent with those mentioned by Stenstrom and Molin [ 25] and Pekala et al. The plates were incubated at 30C for 3 days. 16S ribosomal DNA amplification for phylogenetic study. Bloodstream Infections in Queensland, Australia. Four of the isolates were presumed as Shewanella species, namely, Sa-BW1, Sa-BW2, Sa-BW7, and Sa-BW8. eCollection 2022. 2021 Jul 28;22(15):8080. doi: 10.3390/ijms22158080. Epub 2010 Feb 18. A NJ phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA (Figure-1a) indicated that the isolates fell within the clade comprising the members of genus Shewanella, forming a cluster with S. algae strain ATCC 51192 with sequences similarities of 99.4% (Sa-BW1), 99.9% (Sa-BW2), 99.8% (Sa-BW7), and 100% (Sa-BW8). Total genomic DNA of the presumptive S. algae isolates was extracted using CTAB/NaCl method [36]. Von Graevenitz A. Ecology, clinical significance and antimicrobial susceptibility of infrequently encountered glucose-nonfermenting gram-negative rods. An official website of the United States government. [2] Although it is very rare for it to act as a human pathogen, there have been cases of infections and bacteremia caused by S. putrefaciens. It was reported in several studies that gyrB gene has always been used as a discriminative detection for Shewanella species identification [50-52]. Geochim. A 25 mL polymerase chain reaction (PCR) mixture was prepared which consist of 1 mL genomic DNA, 12.5 mL 2 PCR Master Dye Mix, 1 mL (0.1 mM) primer and 9.5 mL sterile distilled water. Many healthy marines animals are contaminated with Shewanella putrefaciens only to have it be realized when food caught by seafood industries spoils due to the bacterias presence. Much of the problem in prevention comes from tendency of Shewanella to become a . The patient improved once the treatment was started and was discharged at the end of the treatment period. Gilardi G L. Pseudomonas. eCollection 2021. Guinetti-Ortiz K, Bocanegra-Jess A, Gmez de la Torre-Del Carpio A. Medwave. It is known that the rate of molecular evolution of gyrB sequences is faster than 16S rRNA which provides higher phylogenetic resolution. Semple K.M, Westlake D.W.S. Four of five S. putrefaciens isolates produced unacceptable profile numbers on the API 20E system (no. Nitrification-denitrification is the most widely used nitrogen removal process in wastewater treatment. was characterized by motile Gram-negative flagella with positive oxidase and catalase and H 2 S production. In: Gilardi G L, editor. Generating an ePub file may take a long time, please be patient. Occurrence of, Tseng S.Y, Liu P.Y, Lee Y.H, Wu Z.Y, Huang C.C, Cheng C.C, Tung K.C. 1Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia, 2Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. The Infona portal uses cookies, i.e. Careers. Available from: Krumperman P.H. Simidu U, Kita-Tsukamoto K, Yasumoto T, Yotsu M. Taxonomy of four marine bacterial strains that produce tetrodotoxin. In a standard Kirby-Bauer sensitivity test (8), the organism was sensitive to amikacin, gentamicin, cefotaxime, and piperacillin. The most common clinical symptoms described in human infections by S. algae are bacteremia, cellulitis, and chronic otitis media [18]. A comparison of microbial water quality and diversity for ballast and tropical harbor waters. government site. The new PMC design is here! Based on the ML tree of gyrB gene generated in Figure-3, isolate Sa-BW1 which ballast water source was from Singapore port was closely related to S. algae strains RQs-106 from China. Studies on antibiotic susceptibility profiles of Shewanella spp. Palevich N, Palevich FP, Gardner A, Brightwell G, Mills J. It failed to ferment sugars and was negative for O-nitrophenyl--galactase, arginine decarboxylase, lysine decarboxylase, tryptophan deaminase, and indole and in the Voges-Proskauer test. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! However, it is impossible to determine the exact origin of the bacteria found in ballast water. Viridans streptococci are the most common infectious agents in subacute bacterial endocarditis and may occasionally be accompanied by other bacteria (2), as was seen in this case. Stepanovi S, Vukovi D, Daki I, Savi B, vabi-Vlahovi M. A modified microtiter-plate test for quantification of staphylococcal biofilm formation. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/, https://www.asm.org/protocols/kirby-bauer-disk-diffusion-susceptibility-test-pro. The occurrence of the two Shewanella species found in clinical specimens, Shewanella algae and Shewanella putrefaciens, correlates with the temperature and salinity of seawater. The isolates were found to produce hemolytic activity on sheep blood agar, secreted several extracellular enzymes (lipase, protease, DNase, and gelatinase), performed a strongly adherent biofilm and demonstrated multiple resistances toward antibiotics. The site is secure. Phenotypic test results showed that Shewanella spp. to predict potentially virulent strain [61-63]. doi: 10.1016/j.idcr.2021.e01294. Laboratory Exercise II continued Shewanella (Pseudomonas) putrefaciens is a rare pathogen in humans, and to our knowledge only 13 cases of S. putrefaciens bacteremia have ever been reported in the literature. The phylogenetic relationship of S. algae was determined by comparing the obtained 16S rRNA and gyrB gene sequences with highly identical existing sequences in GenBank database using the BLAST algorithm. Shewanella species in the two cases were primarily identified as S. algae and S. putrefaciens by VITEK 2 system using the ID-GN card (boiMrieux), and then were confirmed as S. haliotis and S. upenei by 16S rRNA sequence analysis. EN. Almost the same topology was observed in ML tree of gyrB gene (Figure-2b). Mcnair, Jamilla. It is a facultative anaerobe, motile, and Gram-negative bacillus belonging to the family Shewanellaceae, order Alteromonadales. The low-temperature plasma process is an advanced technology that has recently enjoyed great popularity due to its eco-friendly nature and antibacterial efficacy. putrefaciens is unable to grow below pH 6.0 during storage at low temperatures, whereas Br. Echocardiography revealed the presence of a vegetation on the anterior mitral leaflet, thus confirming the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Two complete sets (one aerobic and one anaerobic culture bottle each) of blood for cultures were collected at an interval of 30 min for aerobic and anaerobic bacterial isolation. All 10 Shewanella isolates, when tested on the API 20E, API NFT, RapID NF Plus, and Vitek systems, were identified as S. putrefaciens, with one exception. FRGS/1/2019/STG05/UKM/02/6). The infections described most commonly involve ears, skin and soft tissue, with or without bacteraemia. Notably, S. algae is frequently reported to be resistant to colistin [73]. [ 26 ]. Before [A rare cause of pneumonia: Shewanella putrefaciens]. F rom its discovery in 1931 and definition in medical literature in 1973, few cases of the uranium-reducing bacteria Shewanella putrefaciens have been described. A MAR index >0.2 indicates a high-risk source of contamination. A conserved histidine in cytochrome c maturation permease CcmB of Shewanella putrefaciens is required for anaerobic growth below a threshold standard redox potential. Biochemical and enzymatic activities All presumptive Shewanella isolates were tested for: Utilization of glucose, sucrose, lactose, maltose and citrate, IMViC test (indole, Methyl red, Voges-Proskauer and citrate) nitrate reduction, growth at 4C and 42C, growth in 6% and 8% NaCl, and growth on Salmonella-Shigella (SS) agar and MacConkey agar. Would you like email updates of new search results? Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Shewanella can be recovered from a variety of water sources . The occurrence of the two Shewanella species found in clinical specimens, Shewanella algae and Shewanella putrefaciens, correlates with the temperature and salinity of seawater.This means that Shewanella infections occur in warm climates or during especially warm summers in temperate climates. O'Toole G.A. In addition, the ballast tank can contain mixture of water from different ports because there is always a small portion of unpumpable water that remains before taking on cargo. We are experimenting with display styles that make it easier to read articles in PMC. This organism produced nonhemolytic tan colonies on 5% sheep blood agar. Edited by [Nora Hamovit], student of Joan Slonczewski for BIOL 116 Information in Living Systems, 2013, Kenyon College. Both Br. Most research done on Shewanella putrefaciens in relation to marine life concentrates on the prevention of bacterial outbreaks in fisheries. NNNI and NMN did laboratory analysis and collected data. The tree also revealed a very close phylogenetic relationship of the isolates with Shewanella upenei 20-23R with a same sequence similarities values as in S. algae ATCC 51192. In this study, the cutoff ODC was set as 0.143. It is classified as an Achromobacter and later named by MacDonell and Colwell in 1985 (McNair). Studies done by Applied and Environmental Microbiology society looked deeper into this problem and the possibility that Shewanella Putrefaciens colonies on the equipment may be the source of further bacterial pollution while also causing corrosion of the equipment itself. It is used as many things from a bioremediate of chlorinated compounds to a radionuclide and a biocatalyst. Ships carry ballast water to control their stability and trim at the start of the voyage. Laupland KB, Stewart AG, Edwards F, Paterson DL, Coulter S, Heney C, George N, Harris P. Emerg Infect Dis. Human Infection with Shewanella putrefaciens and S. algae: Report of 16 Cases in Martinique and Review of the Literature. Phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences of S. algae Sa-BW1, Sa-BW2, Sa-BW7, Sa-BW8, and some other related Shewanella species. Skin and soft-tissue manifestations of Shewanella putrefaciens infection. As a result, the strain was identified as Shewanella putrefaciens group, with an excellent identi- fication (99.9%), which was later characterized as Shewa- nella algae by whole-genome sequencing. Rare cases of necrotizing soft-tissue infection [21], rupture of aortic aneurysm [22], peritonitis [23], and endocarditis was reported by Davidson et al. These enzymes which are known to have pathogenic potential are capable of enhancing bacterial virulence as they enable the bacteria to breach and invade host tissue contributing to a wide range of infections [57-59]. 2022 Apr;28(4):701-706. doi: 10.3201/eid2804.212193. Download scientific diagram | Biochemical test result of Shewanella putrefaciens. In: Lennette E H, Balows A, Hausler W J, Shadomy H J, editors. FKS and FS were the supervisors for the study. Automated identification systems fail to differentiate between S. algae and S. putrefaciens, as S. algae is not included in the databases of these systems. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Important differential characteristics between the two species include the ability of S. algae to produce mucoid colonies with beta-haemolysis on sheep blood agar, to grow at 42 degrees C and in NaCl 6% w/v, and to reduce nitrite, and an inability to produce acid from maltose, all of which are in contrast to the characteristics of S. putrefaciens. Biochemical identification of the isolate was carried out using the API 20E kit (bioMr- ieux, France). Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Laboratory tests are necessary to diagnose an . This organism is a nonfermenter yet produces H2S without changing the color of the pH indicator, a very distinctive and key feature. Treatment with parenteral gentamicin and penicillin was begun and continued for 3 weeks. The similarities values of greater than 97% observed in both gyrB and 16S rRNA sequences of S. algae isolates with S. haliotis and S. upenei revealed a very close phylogenetic association between the three species. Before Department of Microbiology and The BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota. eCollection 2022. Martn-Rodrguez A.J, Martn-Pujol O, Artiles-Campelo F, Bolaos-Rivero M, Rmling U. Jampala S, Meera P, Vivek V, Kavitha D.R. In this study four S. algae was isolated from ballast water of ships docked in Port Klang, Malaysia. However, the discharge of ballast water near ports risks the transport of invasive species, including pathogenic species from one continent to another. The fact that the S. algae isolates from this study itself were isolated from ballast tanks of different ballast water sources (port of origin) would validate the role of ballast water in transporting the bacterial species around the world, contributing to the global spread. While S. algae is already present in Port Klang waters, further introduction of it could pose a risk to the local ecosystem. Further phylogenetic analysis of S. algae "Shewanella Putrefaciens". Virulence. [Osteomyelitis due to Shewanella putrefaciens: case report and literature review]. 1995. Shewanella putrefaciens is also well known for its use in biotechnology. Shewanella is the sole genus included in the marine bacteria family Shewanellaceae.Some species within it were formerly classed as Alteromonas. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted The global distribution of pathogenic bacteria implicates a negative effect on the existing ecosystem as well as marine animal and human health. Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index was calculated as ratio of the number of antibiotics to which the test isolate depicted resistance to the total number of antibiotics to which the test isolate had been evaluated for susceptibility [43]. Shanmuganathan M, Goh B.L, Lim C, NorFadhlina Z, Fairol I. Davidson N.L, Subedi S, Wilks K, Morgan J. has been isolated from a wide range of environment including freshwater [6], estuary [7], deep sea [8], oil field [9], muddy sediment [10], fish [11], and marine sponge [12]. Based on the comparative analysis of phylogenetic tree, the gyrB gene seems to be more reliable and useful than 16S rRNA for describing phylogenetic relationship at the species level. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Hau, Heidi H.,and Gralnick, JA. The production of exopolysaccharides matrix in the formation of biofilms could provide protection from mechanical or chemical treatment and from predatory protists [64]. Shewanella spp. The zone diameters of each drug were interpreted using the criteria published by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. [1,2].Shewanella spp. Schroeder M, Brooks B.D, Brooks A.E. eCollection 2022. 1.1.1.2 Rigor mortis The way in which animals are handled before slaughter will effect the biochemical processes that occur before and during rigor mortis. the display of certain parts of an article in other eReaders. The MAR index was used as a tool to assess the risk of the isolates coming from a region of high or low antibiotic use. The present study investigated . Shewanella putrefaciens. Potential invasion of microorganisms and pathogens via interior hull fouling:Biofilms inside ballast water tanks. Domnguez H, Vogel B.F, Gram L, Hoffmann S, Schaebel S. Nozue H, Hayashi T, Hashimoto Y, Ezaki T, Hamasaki K, Ohwada K, Terawaki Y. It is widely distributed in nature; its natural habitats are water and soil (11). Volume 20. p. 13271332. 2022 Apr 29;9:850938. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.850938. Seawater samples were also taken from four sampling points of surrounding port water using Niskin water sampler. J. Bacteriol. "Biogenic iron mineralization accompanying the dissimilatory reduction of hydrous ferric oxide by a groundwater bacterium". Isolate Sa-BW2 and Sa-BW7 isolates with source of ballast water from Yokkaichi port and Nhava Sheva port, respectively, were clustered together with S. algae strain KC-Na-R1 from South Korea. Arribi A, Prez A, Pez M, Wilhelmi I, Garrote F. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. According to Edberg et al. Intermediate resistance to kanamycin, oxytetracycline, and streptomycin was also recorded. This study demonstrated the occurrence of putative pathogen S. algae in ballast water of ships docked at Malaysian port. Shewanella putrefaciens is also known to cause the rotting smell associated with dead fish because of its production of trimethylamines (McNair). S. putrefaciens are non-lactose fermenters on MacConkey agar. Other studies showed that S. algae can cause black spot disease to farmed freshwater shrimp, Penaeus vannamei and lesion in reared tonguefish, and Cynoglossus semilaevis [19,26]. <i>Shewanella haliotis</i>, Often Misidentified as <i>Shewanella algae</i> in Biochemical Tests and MALDI-TOF Analysis. The isolates were only sensitive to ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol and gentamicin. These scenarios would validate the ballast water potential as a vector for global spread of microorganisms. Cr(VI) is a ubiquitous pollutant that poses a serious threat to human health. Informed consent was obtained from the volunteers included in the study. make it a highly adaptable organism that can survive in different environmental niches. It is also a facultative anaerobe, meaning it can undergo aerobic respiration when oxygen is present, and can reduce iron and magnesium metabolically. This is due to the fact Shewanella putrefaciens tends to grow in "microbial communities" where other bacteria is part of the film formed. Brink, AJ, Van, Straten, A, Van, and Rensburg, AJ. The disks used were ampicillin (20 g), carbenicillin (100 g), cephalothin (30 g), chloramphenicol (30 g), ciprofloxacin (10 g), colistin (10 g), gentamicin (10 g), kanamycin (30 g), novobiocin (30 g), oxacillin (5 g), oxytetracycline (30 g), penicillin (10 g), rifampicin (5 g), streptomycin (25 g), and tobramycin (10 g). Shewanella putrefaciens is also well known for its use in biotechnology. Polymicrobial bacteremia caused by Escherichia coli, Edwardsiella tarda, and Shewanella putrefaciens. The increased in S. algae virulence was attributed to its hemolytic activity, enzymatic activity, and biofilm formation [18,34,35]. As with all Shewanella, this organism produces hydrogen sulfide on TSI. Note: Freight charges for Risk Group 2 microorganisms will apply. 2021 Sep 23;26:e01294. Take the pure culture of the test organism and inoculate it in MR-VP broth. The study was financially supported by the Malaysian Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI) Science Fund (Grant no. Pure colonies with distinct morphologies were tested for the following key characteristics of Shewanella, according to the description by Holt and Bruun [18]: Gram stain, motility, cytochrome oxidase, catalase reaction (3% H2O2), and H2S production using sulfide indole motility medium. GenBank accession numbers are given in parentheses. The biofilm environment may also promote phenotypic modification as well as genetic exchanges among the communities of microorganisms within biofilms [65]. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely. Comparing the OD means of each S. algae isolate to differentiation criterion; ODc = 0.143, 2 ODc = 0.286, and 4 ODC = 0.332, all strains were observed to be strongly adherent with OD value; 1.310.9 (Sa-BW1), 1.231.0 (Sa-BW2), 1.160.5 (Sa-BW7), 0.910.4 (Sa-BW8), 0.930.01 (Sa-SW2), and 0.890.6 (Sa-SW3), respectively. The cutoff OD (ODC) was defined as three standard deviations above the mean OD of the negative control. 3,4 It can also be found on other sources . You may notice problems with Further biochemical tests revealed that all the presumptive Shewanella spp. Torri A, Bertini S, Schiavone P, Congestri F, Matteucci M, Sparacino M, Testa G, Pedna M.F, Sambri V. Dey S, Bhattacharya D, Roy S, Nadgir S.D, Patil A, Kholkute S.D. algae is found in warm Marine environments throughout the world, and is isolated from seawater with 15-20ppt salinity [6].. Shewanella algae is of interest because of its potential to be a serious human pathogen. Kim J H, Cooper R A, Welty-Wolf K E, Harrell L J, Zwadyk P, Klotman M E. MacDonell M T, Colwell R R. Phylogeny of the Vibrionaceae and recommendation for 2 new genera, Listonella and Shewanella. The findings in these 28 cases confirm the fact that S. putrefaciens can invade the bloodstream; however, the presence of concurrent bacteremia makes it difficult to determine the pathogenic role of this organism in septicemia. Careers. Each experiment included a group of the same condition but without microbes as the negative control. Shewanella putrefaciens as a humans pathogen is very rare. Worldwide, Shewanella putrefaciens is the predominant seafood spoilage microorganism during cold storage. Shewanella bacteria are a normal component of the surface flora of . Richards G.P, Watson M.A, Crane E.J.M, Burt I.G, Bushek D. Drake L.A, Doblin M.A, Dobbs F.C. The cell division of Streptococci species involves two separate biosynthetic events: peripheral cell-wall elongation and septal-wall synthesis. Shewanella putrefaciens can be found in freshwater, brackish, and salt water ecosystems. Open Access. 1Then to it add 0.6ml of 5% alpha naphthol, then 0.2 ml of 40% KOH. Annual Review of Microbiology. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal
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