Also, the exiting light can be adsorbed near the liquid level in high concentration solution and result in the decreasing of emission light. SETAC Special Publication Series. 104, 241251 (2020). 1993, Azenha et al. Carunchio V., Castellano R., Girelli A.M., Messina A. Adv. (3)-(7)] reactions [7-9]. The translocation factor (TF) values of all alfalfas in heavy metals were low, but the TF of As, Cr, Hg, Mo tended to increase with sodium hydrogen phosphate/citric acid mixtures. Reference measurements were also performed for only the glass slide. (b) Organisation of the ECL multifunctional bio-sensing chip. van den Berg CMG 1984. Some freshwater fish species, especially salmonoids, are more sensitive to copper than marine fish, with 96-hour LC50 values 40 to 80 g/L in soft waters and 250 g/L in hard waters. The large range could be explained by the use of culture media that contain chelators and absorbents, which reduce copper toxicity. Int. Whitaker J.F. Article 66, 31-45. Introducing Fe2+ into nickel-iron layered double hydroxide: local structure modulated water oxidation activity. 9, 15 (2016). By increasing the charging voltage, a cell specific energy of >400 W h kg1 is achievable with LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 in Li metal batteries. 1990, Tubbing et al. The field shifts induced by the electrodes are much smaller than the spatial inhomogeneity of the main magnetic field. The use of plant species for phytoremediation is a potential strategy to remove the heavy metals from the contaminated habitat (Lasat, 2002; Niu et al., 2007). [40] who presented a highly sensitive and stable l-glutamate sensor for the rapid detection of the GPT activity in serum which was composed of immobilized l-glutamate oxidase in a photo-crosslinkable polymer (PVA-SbQ) membrane on a palladium-deposited screen-printed carbon strip (SPCS) electrode. Such a high CSC for the graphene electrode reported in24 was related to the larger potential window used for the CV measurement. Angelova, P. et al. National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection, Report 679101 008, Bilthoven, The Netherlands. DSC measurements showing the heat flow of the HSE, HSE-EMIM, HSE-PP13 under heating up from 0 to 65 C. This perspective aims to distil the knowledge gained by the scientific community to date into a succinct form, highlighting the Rev. 6, 1550 (1996). In the experiments, three replicates were made and the controls were carried out with deionized water. Schumann G., Bonora R., Ceriotti F., Frard G., Ferrero C.A., Franck P.F.H., Gella F.J., Hoelzel W., Jrgensen P.J., Kanno T., Kessner A., Klauke R., Kristiansen N., Lessinger J.M., Linsinger T.P., Misaki H., Panteghini M., Pauwels J., Schiele F., Schimmel H.G., Weidemann G., Siekmann L. IFCC primary reference procedures for the measurement of catalytic activity concentrations of enzymes at 37 C: Part 5. Mater. Moore JW & Ramamoorthy S 1984b Copper. However, ITO cannot be used in flexible devices due to its brittleness that might cause crack formation12,13,14. Yes this is a fictional spacecraft, but it was designed by G. Harry Stine, former project engineer on the Viking and Aerobee rocket programs at White Sands Proving Ground. J. Chem. Typical 96-h LC50 values for snails are 0.8 to 1.2 mg Cu/L. Neural interfaces are tools that enable bidirectional interactions with the human nervous system. Babson et al. Finally, a DRIE process on the backside of the wafer lands on the frontside oxide (Fig. In addition, this test was performed for three different graphene thicknesses to compare the effect of thickness on the produced artifact. The techniques covered in the tutorial include cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, Tafel anal., and bulk electrolysis. A linear response over a range of GPT activity from 0-200 U l-1 was obtained under the optimal conditions. to metabolites and smalls PubMed The two antennas have the same shaped slot consisting of. Chem. Bakhshaee Babaroud, N. et al. The measurements were performed in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) in a three-electrode setup with a Pt electrode (3mm diameter (BASI Inc.)) as a counter electrode (CE), a leakless miniature silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) (eDAQ) as a reference electrode (RE), and the graphene, Au and Pt electrodes fabricated in this work as the working electrodes (WE). Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. The GPT activity in serum could be determined within 3 min. Dinh, K. N. et al. Rev. Heavy metals (HMs) are defined as those elements having an atomic number greater than 20 and atomic density above 5 g cm 3 and must exhibit the properties of metal [2,38,39].The HMs can be broadly classified into two categories: essential and nonessential heavy metals. In our research, the magnetic field-induced deformation of isotropic magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) discs loaded with two types of magnetite and an iron powder were examined. Comparison of [Cu2+] measurements in lake water determined by ligand exchange and cathodic stripping voltammetry and by ion-selective electrode. The proposed equivalent circuit model for multilayer graphene electrodes is shown in Fig. An implantable neural probe with monolithically integrated dielectric waveguide and recording electrodes for optogenetics applications. Goldberg S, Davis JA & Hem JD 1996. The use of CVD processes for graphene synthesis gives the opportunity of developing graphene layers only over desired areas, since the catalyst used can be patterned before graphene growth. However, due to the transfer-free process used in this work, less defects and misalignment are expected in a graphene layer compared to transferred graphene. 1997. The average contents of acid soluble fraction in As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, and Zn were 2.08, 1.86, 3.05, 1.18, 1.81, 1.43, 2.51, 1.64, and 1.65-fold higher than control, respectively. The authors declare no competing interests. Sources of error in spectrophotometric measurement of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferaseActivities in serum. But the combined action of phosphates and citric acid on extracting and phytoremediation is not known. A comparison between our multilayer graphene with Au and Pt electrodes showed only 34 times higher impedance (1kHz) for graphene electrodes. The extractants usually employed were acids, chelating agents, electrolytes, oxidizing agents and surfactants (Schramel et al., 2000; Reddy and Chinthamreddy, 2000). 134, 68016809 (2012). Phytoremediation was defined as the use of plants to remove pollutants from the environment or to render them harmless (Queirolo and Valenta, 1987; Salt et al., 1995). Serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase activity: A new modification and an analytical assessment of current assay technics. Properties of the interphase formed between argyrodite-type Li6PS5Cl and polymer-based PEO10:LiTFSI. Fresenius' Zeitschrift fr analytische Chemie. Diam. Magnetic resonance artifact induced by the electrode Activa 3389: an in vitro and in vivo study. Sorption of copper (II) to oxyhydroxides increases with pH, until a threshold point is reached usually around pH 8 (Dzombak & Morel 1990). Quality criteria for water. In Heavy metals in natural waters: Applied monitoring and impact assessment, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 7799. The intra-assay coefficient of variation did not exceed 2.5%. However, visible peaks were observed using the Au electrode. The new immunosensor system was separation-free and disposable, and needed small volume of sample. 1981, Gavis et al. With the first addition of titrant, the pH of the NH 3 solution will decrease rapidly and then level off and become nearly constant throughout the middle part of the titration. Strict reagent, vessel and equipment conditions are also expected. Kresse, G. & Joubert, D. From ultrasoft pseudopotentials to the projector augmented-wave method. Copper and lead appeared to interact with synergism, both with sequential and simultaneous exposure (Tao et al. If not, nonspecific fluorescence or fluorescence quenching may disturb the results. Bacher & OBrien (1990) reported a range for Australian species ranged from 40 g/L to 21,000 g/L. Nano Energy 38, 175184 (2017). The measurement approach typically consists of applying a sinusoidal current (galvanostatic mode, GEIS) or voltage (potentiostatic mode, PEIS) of a certain amplitude and frequency, and measuring the amplitude and phase shift of the output voltage or current, respectively [].This procedure is repeated for a number of frequencies, typically in the kHz to 155, A569 (2008). The complexation of metals with humic materials in natural waters. Environmental Technology. Mikeladze E., Schulte A., Mosbach M., Blchl A., Csregi E., Solomonia R., Schuhmann W. Redox hydrogel-based bienzyme microelectrodes for amperometric monitoring of. Fabrication and utility of a transparent graphene neural electrode array for electrophysiology, in vivo imaging, and optogenetics. The proposed microfluidic chip can be applied for low-cost, disposable sample preparation of NA probe assays [96]. Mater. The synthesized coated MNPs represented a decrease in surface charge and magnetization alongside increased surface hydrophobicity and size. In silico discovery of new dopants for Fe-doped Ni oxyhydroxide (Ni1xFexOOH) catalysts for oxygen evolution reaction. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help The sensitivity of a number of species of freshwater plants that were tested was similar to those of animals (USEPA 1986). Liu, Z., Lin, L., Ren, H. & Sun, X. CVD synthesis of graphene. Selectivity sequences and sorption capacities of phosphatic clay and humus rich soil towards the heavy metals present in zinc mine tailing. So it is very important to optimize the chromatographic conditions for the determination of both enzymes in a single serum sample [45]. Mater. Zheng, J., Wang, P., Liu, H. & Hu, Y.-Y. ChemPhysChem 13, 13391346 (2012). (1) and (2), l-glutamate was produced by GOT and GPT, so l-glutamate sensors can usually be used for GOT and GPT detection. Targeted optogenetic stimulation and recording of neurons in vivo using cell-type-specific expression of channelrhodopsin-2. The mixing chip pattern was suggested by taking account of the concept that multiple-chambers with several branch channels were formed to ensure efficient contact of the solution with the inner walls of the mixing chambers, thus enhancing the mixing on the wall surfaces. Deep 2-photon imaging and artifact-free optogenetics through transparent graphene microelectrode arrays. Temperature must be kept stable during measuring process owing to its serous effect on fluorescence intensity. Lett. Confirmation that the radioactivity in the product is associated with water was obtained by separating it by anion exchange HPLC and by evaporation. Anodic stripping voltammetry (3130) has been expanded to include zinc. Therefore, it was uncertain whether the artifact was induced due to a larger thickness of graphene or due to the different light sources used for this test. The activities of GOT and GPT in serum were sequentially determined by a bienzyme sensor consisting of the immobilized oxalacetate decarboxylase-pyruvate oxidase-PVC membrane and a hydrogen peroxide electrode. Oxalacetate decarboxylase and pyruvate oxidase were coimmobilized by adsorption on a wet poly (vinyl chloride) membrane. A good agreement (r2 = 0.9984) with a commercial lactate testing kit was obtained in beverage sample measurements. The sections on ICP, sample preparation, and specific metal analyses have been revised. The influence of organic ligands on the retention of lead in soil. Ultrathin spinel-structured nanosheets rich in oxygen deficiencies for enhanced electrocatalytic water oxidation. Canepari S., Carunchio V., Girelli A.M., Messina A. At a high scan rate, for electrodes with a high surface roughness, only a fraction of the pores on the electrode surface are accessible for the electrochemical processes. The higher values of TF indicate that plants could move and distribute more heavy metals. Carbon Trends 3, 100024 (2021). Gardner MJ & Ravenscroft JE 1991b. Pots were irrigated with deionized water every four days (keeping at 60% equivalent humidity) and the leachates were collected and irrigated in the next time, respectively. XPS data were collected on a Thermo Fisher ESCALAB Xi+ spectrometer equipped with monochromatic Al K radiation. Subsequently, the second parylene layer is deposited on both sides of the wafer encapsulating the implant. 1997. Acta Biomaterial. In: Bergmeyer H.U., editor. In this paper, we present CVD-based multilayer graphene electrodes fabricated using a wafer-scale transfer-free process for use in optically transparent and MRI-compatible neural interfaces. At this point, the graphene layer sandwiched between two layers of parylene-C with exposed graphene on the electrodes and contact pads is ready to be cut out of the Si frame (Fig. Plant Nutrition. However, due to their opaque nature, they prevent any in vivo optical imaging at the site of stimulation (underneath the electrodes). J. Simon, F. J. et al. Moreover, graphene made of fewer layers is more prone to damage during the fabrication and implantation processes. Sodium hydroxide (AR 96%) was purchased from Aladdin. Castillo J., Isik S., Blchl A., Pereira-Rodrigues N., Bedioui F., Csregi E., Schuhmann W., Oni J. Determination of serum aminotransferases: activation by pyridoxal-5-phosphate in relation to substrate concentration. Chemosphere. Zhan, C. & Jiang, D.-e Contribution of dielectric screening to the total capacitance of few-layer graphene electrodes. Nat. J. Phys. [68] simultaneous detected nitric oxide and glutamate using an array of individually addressable electrodes, in which the individual electrodes in the array were suitably modified with a highly sensitive nitric oxide sensing chemistry or a glutamate oxidase/redox hydrogelbased glutamate biosensor. 70, 1329-1337. 55, 500513 (2016). Wang, N. et al. Environmental Pollution. In recent years, several methods such as optical imaging (e.g., calcium or fluorescence imaging)2,3, optogenetics3,4, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)5,6 have emerged to assist neuroscientists to decipher the neural structure and function. Google Scholar. Liu, X. et al. Etching of the Mo layer is then performed at 25C using an ICP etcher with 50W RF power, 500W ICP power, 5mTorr pressure, and 30 and 5 sccm Cl2 and O2 gas flows, respectively. Phys. An inhibition of the polymerization of the matrix was observed in the case of one of the magnetite fillers, which resulted in a decreased zero-field elastic modulus at higher particle loadings. The Nafion layer added an additional diffusion barrier which lowers the flux of hydrogen peroxide to the electrode surface, thereby lowering the monitored current. The detection limits of the different biosensor were found to be 1 M for glutamate, lysine and uric acid, 20 M for glucose and 2 M for choline and lactate. The successful application of this technique depends mainly on the use of the extracting agent. energetic of nuclear reactions, cross-section and types of reactions. To remove the second deposited parylene layer on the frontside and expose the electrodes and contact pads, the frontside parylene is plasma-etched (using the AMS110 etcher (Alcatel) with 40W LF power, 15 sccm of SF6 and 185 sccm of O2), landing on the Al protective layer, which is then, together with the hard mask, removed in 0.55% HF (Fig. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 9, 10071011. Khampha W., Yakovleva J., Isarangkul D., Wiyakrutta S., Meevootisom V., Emnus J. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to assess the electrochemical properties of the electrodes. This poor performance can be attributed both to the nature of the electrocatalytic surface and to relatively low protein loadings for enzyme immobilized at the electrode. The protocol then applies these techniques to electrocatalysis by identifying and characterizing catalysts for hydrogen and oxygen generation in the water electrolysis reaction. These, combined with electrical neural recording and stimulation in a multimodal fashion, can pave the way towards a much deeper understanding and mapping of the nervous system3,4,7. Rev. Reference procedure for the measurement of catalytic concentration of aspartate-aminotransferase. Parvin et al. The multilayer graphene electrodes fabricated in this work showed a lower area-normalized impedance compared to other undoped CVD-based graphene electrodes. 138, 91289136 (2016). & Passerini, S. Ionicliquidbased polymer electrolytes for battery applications. Oldenziel W.H., Westerink B.H.C. All electrodes are of the same size and geometry. An rGO/Au electrode-based biosensor was used to detect botulinum neurotoxin using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) (Chan et al., 2015). Single lithiumion conducting polymer electrolytes based on a superdelocalized polyanion. Ricciardella, F. et al. Meanwhile, calibration curves must be made using measurand. Therefore, 20 min graphene growth was chosen to make graphene-based devices that are optically transparent enough to be used for modern neuroscientific research such as optogenetics and in vivo optical imaging. Determination of the complexing capacity and conditional stability constants of complexes of copper(II) with natural organic ligands in seawater by cathodic stripping voltammetry of copper-catechol complex ions. 1g), which is then plasma-etched (using an AMS110 etcher (Alcatel) with 300 W RF power, and 17, 150, and 18 sccm C4F8, He, and CH4 gas flows, respectively). An rGO/Au electrode-based biosensor was used to detect botulinum neurotoxin using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) (Chan et al., 2015). It should be noted that doping could decrease the sheet resistance even further but this was not the focus of this work. Angew. Six different oxidases specific for choline, glucose, glutamate, lactate, lysine and urate were noncovalently immobilised on imidodiacetic acid chelating beads (glucose oxidase only) or on diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) anion exchanger beads, and spotted on the surface of a glassy carbon foil (25 mm2 square), entrapped in PVA-SbQ photopolymer (shown in Figure 3). Vollebregt, S. et al. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Commun. J. Wu, Y. et al. Reproduction is permitted for noncommercial purposes. The method is based on generation of electrons from H2O2, which is formed from lactic acid by immobilized lactate oxidase. The assay was characterized by high long-term stability (at least 70 days) and good reproducibility (within-day and between-day RSDs were 4.3-7.3% and 8.9%). 4, 1800318 (2019). Physicochemical factors affecting toxicity in freshwater: Hardness, pH and temperature. Finally, the impedance magnitude and phase were plotted over frequencies ranging from 1Hz to 100kHz. General Introduction. Interfaces 13, 1750117510 (2021). Nat. 1 and 2, discussion and Tables 1 and 2. Biological function of vitamin C. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid, ascorbate, AA) is a water soluble organic compound involved in many biological processes (Figure 1).AA plays crucial roles in electron transport, hydroxylation reactions and oxidative catabolism of aromatic compounds in animal metabolism [].Although all the functions of AA are not fully explained, it Then they were sown onto stainless plates with aseptic gauze in incubator, keeping the temperature and humidity at 25C and 60%. Structureactivity correlations in a nickelborate oxygen evolution catalyst. Nature Communications thanks Mei Wang and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Environmental Quality. Protoc. Our fabricated graphene electrodes enable multimodal neural recording, electrical and optogenetic stimulation, while allowing for optical imaging, as well as, artifact-free MRI studies. 6, 6616 (2015). Angew. Itoh and Srere [29] described a spectroscopic method for continuously measuring GOT activity. The dipole moment corrections for the total energy were applied in the direction normal to the surface. Fish and invertebrates seem to be about equally sensitive to the chronic toxicity of copper in fresh waters. CV measurements showed that our graphene electrodes are comparable to Pt electrodes in terms of CSC. Adv. Learn more Feature Selectivity derives from the fact that glutamate possesses two negatively charged groups (i) which display a good affinity towards the two coordinatively unsaturated CuII centers and (ii) whose distance encompasses quite well the metalmetal distance within the cage. Ed. Soc. In these cases, the mechanical properties of the device can be tuned by changing the thickness of each layer based on the application. However, TF values of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Pb in alfalfa decreased after sodium hydrogen phosphate/citric acid mixtures were added into soil; with the treatment of sodium hydrogen phosphate/citric acid mixtures, the average contents of acid soluble fraction were higher than control. Zhu, C., Cheng, H. & Yang, Y. Electrochemical characterization of two types of PEO-based polymer electrolytes with room-temperature ionic liquids. B-free NiFe hydroxide nanosheets were synthesized by following the typical protocol for the synthesis of NiFeB hydroxide nanosheets, except that 1mL of 0.5M NaOH was used in place of 1mL of 0.5M NaBH4. Bioaccumulation depends not only on the characteristics of the organism itself, but also the characteristics of the substance and the environmental factors. Australasian Journal of Ecotoxicology 1, 1524. Chemical doping of large-area stacked graphene films for use as transparent, conducting electrodes. All potentials were converted to values relative to the RHE. Graphene-based carbon-layered electrode array technology for neural imaging and optogenetic applications. Operando analysis of NiFe and fe oxyhydroxide electrocatalysts for water oxidation: Detection of Fe4+ by Mssbauer spectroscopy. The general measuring principle was given below, according to the enzyme reaction sequence, l-alanine is converted to pyruvate generating l-glutamate [Eq. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42, 20342049. A measurement system using a microscope camera was assembled, and the magnitude of the deformation was determined from the optical contour obtained with digital image processing. contributed to the materials characterizations and electrocatalytic measurements. Acta Neurochir. This capacitance is caused by a shielding effect inside the electrode due to a generated electric field. Phillip and Graham [36] monitored spectrophotometrically GOT activity by measuring the oxidation of NADH at 340nm because the GOT reaction [Eq. Goldberg D.M., Remtulla M.A., Lustig V. The Diagnostic accuracy of three recommended methods for serum aspartate aminotransferase assays in patients suspected of myocardial infarction and hepatobiliary diseases. [Links], Pranav, K., Chaturvedi, C.S., Seth, V.M. ADS Structural effects of polyethers and ionic liquids in their binary mixtures on lower critical solution temperature liquid-liquid phase separation. J. Nano Energy 37, 136157 (2017). This was confirmed by Mantle et al., who describe the first pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance (PEG-NMR) study of DESs. 2c. This signal is created due to the photoelectrochemical effect and is called a photo-induced artifact8,9. On the other hand, the ratio of AST to ALT (AST/ALT) sometimes can help determine whether the liver or another organ has been damaged [1-6]. Although many different strategies have been proposed for the AST and ALT detection using biosensors, they tended to suffer from poor signal resolution against the interferent levels present in serum samples. Environmental effects on toxicity of heavy metals to two species of tropical marine fish from northern Australia. Polym. In 2020 IEEE 33rd International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS), 421424 (IEEE, 2020). Rev. Technol. The techniques covered in the tutorial include cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, Tafel anal., and bulk electrolysis. Electrokinetically controlled DNA hybridization microfluidic chip enabling rapid target analysis. Jarvinen AW & Ankley GT 1999. It indicated that the present method gave good correlation coefficients (r) of 0.977 or 0.988 and regression lines of y = 0.00663x + 0.0624 or y = 0.00935x + 0.0339 for GOT or GPT, respectively. The Feature Paper can be either an original research article, a substantial novel research study that often involves The reaction velocity was related to the temperature with a Q10 close to 1.7 for GOT and 2.0 for GPT. Surf. [Links], Qu, J., Yuan, X., Cong, Q., Wang, S. 2008. Multilayer CVD graphene electrodes using a transfer-free process for the next generation of optically transparent and MRI-compatible neural interfaces. The lack of any artifact around the Pt electrode could be related to the very small thickness (100nm) of the Pt electrodes. The normal values never exceeded 54.5 U for the serum GOT and 52 U for GPT. Open-closed configuration for determination of GPT. J. [Links], Dirilgen, N. 1998. Vomero, M., Oliveira, A., Ashouri, D., Eickenscheidt, M. & Stieglitz, T. Graphitic carbon electrodes on flexible substrate for neural applications entirely fabricated using infrared nanosecond laser technology. Another explanation is the low solubility of Mo (0.0026 weight % at 1000C) for carbon atoms. (a) The Ox1 and Ox6 sphere represent the oxidase charged beads, the green sphere represents the luminol supporting beads. Cesare Marincola, F. et al. Soil remediation can reduce the contamination and preserve soil as a non-renewable natural resource. 7e). Macfie SM, Tarmohamed Y & Welbourne PM 1994. When using an eightfold undersampling scheme in f1 in order to reduce the minimum total measurement time, the average echo time was 139 ms with 17 encoding steps (t1 = 12.8 ms). Bacher GJ & OBrien TA 1990. 1b). (a) SEM image of the pristine micron-sized Li6PS5Cl. Carunchio et al. It should be possible to assay GPT activity in brain tissue samples as small as 50 ng wet weight, using the present assay. energetic of nuclear reactions, cross-section and types of reactions. Effects of pH on the toxicities of cadmium, copper, and zinc to steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri). It has recently been shown for graphene grown on a Nickel (Ni) catalyst that the rate of isothermal graphite growth slows down with increasing exposure time, which might be due to the increased coverage of the catalyst surface with graphite that blocks the precursor supply from the Ni catalyst49. Scanziani, M. & Husser, M. Electrophysiology in the age of light. To better demonstrate the method described in the paper, they compared the previous method used was that of Amador and Wacker [31] for GOT, that of Henry et al. Cairns J Jr, Buikema AL Jr, Heath AG & Parker BC 1978. Hafkenscheid J.C.M., Dijt C.C.M. 3a and reported in the Table 1 for 20, 40, and 60min graphene growth times. The sensor has a fast response (2 s) and short recovery times (2 min). Nat. articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without Donor-acceptor couples of metal and metal oxides with enriched Ni3+ active sites for oxygen evolution. Bergmeyer H.U., Horder M., Rey J. Flow injection analysis of L-lactic acid using an enzyme-polyion complex-coated electrode as the detector. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 15, 181193. 7b). Schematic diagram of a SHL/LDH/PyOD trienzyme lactate biosensor (SHL: salicylate hydroxylase, LDH: L-lactate dehydrogenase, PyOD: pyruvate oxidase) [89]. Acute sensitivity of selected Australian freshwater animals to copper and zinc. Jarvinen and Ankley (1999) report data on tissue residues and effects for copper for 14 freshwater species and 9 marine species. J. In situ X-ray absorption near-edge structure study of advanced NiFe(OH)x electrocatalyst on carbon paper for water oxidation. 2007. The OER overpotentials were calculated by subtracting 1.23V from the potentials vs. RHE.
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