Sulfates anodic coating bichromate content is also used as a protective layer and the basis for the application of organic paints. J. J. Acello and N. D. Greene, Corrosion 122, 1460, November (1975). With changing electrochemical potential, the chemical conditions, such as the pH, at the surface also change. Sci. The more active metal (anode) is sacrificed to protect the less active metal (cathode). Stand. PATENTED CASE, Free format text: E. S. Snavely and N. Hackerman, Can. The general requirements are discus. In that manner it is prevented that the sacrificial anode gets exhausted or crumbles, while hydrogen brittleness of the RVS takes place. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. anodized aluminum - corrosion protection. 5156, Arnold, London (1948). 20, Plenum, New York (1974). This was the first industrial application of anodic coatings after the invention of anodizing aluminum (in chromic acid) in the 1920s.. Soc. Google Scholar. Efficiency of anodized aluminum as a thermal radiation reflector is provided so, that the anode coating thickness is only about one micron. L. Tronstad, Trans. Soc. B. Rao, Ph.D. thesis, University of Pennsylvania (1966). M. Cohen, Can. Sulfates anodic coating hydrothermal filling widely used for corrosion protection of aluminum structures in marine and industrial atmospheres. Advanced Aspects of Cathodic Protection. West, Proc. Practical applications include acid coolers in sulfuric acid plants and storage tanks for sulfuric acid. ICCP and galvanic systems can be used. On the one hand the object is in this connection to make use of solid state elements (transistors, diodes, etc.) Whether a metal can corrode in a particular environment can be deter-mined thermodynamically. Theoretical and practical aspects of anodic protection for control of corrosion by a wide range of acidic and alkaline solutions are discussed. From the literature it is known that due to that also the development of a bio film and macro fouling can be prevented. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-3872-7_6, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-3872-7_6. It is used primarily on carbon steels, stainless steels, nickel alloys, and titanium in environments such as sulfuric and phosphoric acids, sulfite digesters, and aqueous ammonia. Cathodic protection finds conventional uses for the control of external corrosion of immersed and buried steel infrastructure and pipelines. of the potentiostat for this purpose were rst suggested by Edeleanu [21] . However, an anodized aluminum strip is used for many years for some types of transformers, when it is important to reduce their weight. The most comprehensive guide to aluminum and aluminum alloys, Best introduction to aluminum extrusion technology, Best Guide to Recycling Aluminum Scrap: Sorting, processing, melting, recommendations for the selection of equipment (2nd ed., 2014), All details on metal casting, including aluminum: melting, melt processing, casting, smelting and foundry equipment and much more, The Ultimate Guide to Aluminum Shaped Casting: Casting Alloys, casting methods, foundry equipment, properties and applications of aluminum castings, Everything for a complete understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of combinations of aluminum alloys and their states. Bur. M. Kolotyrkin, Z. Elektrochem. 123, 1419, October (1976). However, a triple layer plasma-sprayed coating system consisting of lithium ferrite over niobium over Ni-Cr-Al-Y sealcoat on 316L stainless steel and aluminum alloy substrates proved unacceptable as a possible. J. OM. [Pg.5] Anodic Protection This electrochemical method relies on an external potential control system (potentiostat) to maintain the metal or alloy in a noncorroding . 1, 583 (1963). Acta This invention relates to application of sacrificial anodes, particularly for high quality stainless steel alloys (hereafter named RVS). Anodic protection (AP) is a technique to control the corrosion of a metal surface by making it the anode of an electrochemical cell and controlling the electrode potential in a zone where the metal is passive. Sulfate anodization is used for surface protection reflectors spotlights. On the one hand a component can be protected against corrosion with the invention (cathodic protection).On the other hand a condition of the component can be measured with the invention, such as the amount of biologic fouling. C. E. Locke, J. H. Peavey, O. Rincon, and M. Afzal in Characterization of Metal and Polymer Surfaces, Vol. The relationship between the stable species formed in corrosion reactions, the pH of the aqueous, Anodic protection makes it possible to keep materials which can be passivated in a passive state or to bring them into this state, even in unfavourable conditions. A sacrificial anode is used as the energy source such that the electric circuit can provide a pulsating current, voltage, automatically adapted current, or protecting potential. Download preview PDF. Soc. Instrum. Sulfates anodic coating bichromate content is also used as a protective layer and the basis for the application of organic paints. This protective coating has a long service life, including, in seawater. Sci. : Firth-Brown Research Labs., Sheffield, England OSTI Identifier: 4407136 NSA Number: NSA-08-006989 On the other hand the object is in this connection to allow the sacrificial anode to supply pulsating energy. for corrosion control is based on the principle of protecting a metal or alloy from corrosion by raising the electrochemical potential of its surface to a value at which a, A brief description of the electron-transfer processes involved in the corrosion of metals is given. Plainly. 110, June (1963); Natl. W. J. Lorenz, Corros. Anodic Protection This electrochemical method relies on an external potential control system (potentiostat) to maintain the metal or alloy in a noncorroding (passive) condition. O. L. Riggs, Jr., Corros. Copyright 2013-2022 Faraday Soc. Soc. Lim itations of the technique will be pointed out. Sacrificial anode cathodic protection (SACP) is a type of cathodic protection where a less noble material that acts as a sacrificial anode is connected by metallic conductors to the structure to be protected. Anodic protection - Its operation and applications Authors: J.I. ); ENTITY STATUS OF PATENT OWNER: SMALL ENTITY, PATENT EXPIRED FOR FAILURE TO PAY MAINTENANCE FEES (ORIGINAL EVENT CODE: EXP. Anodic protection is a method used to control or to limit the rate of metallic corrosion. Houston 13, 471 (1973). 58, article 6, pp. R. W. Revie, B. G. Baker, and J. OM. Ceramic anodes used for cathodic protection are currently made with expensive metals (niobium, tantalum) as substrates, and these anodes have a limited useful life. 42, 487 (1946). K. E. Heusler and G. H. Cartledge, J. Electrochem. This can e.g. G. Okamoto and T. Shibata, Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress on Metallurgy and Corrosion, NACE, Houston (1972). P. W. Palmberg, Anal. 37, 286 (1959). W. E. OGrady and J. OM. A section is devoted to electrochemical principles. 18, 286t, August (1962). U.S. Tech. J. Kruger, Natl. 62, 664 (1958). A. K. N. Reddy and J. OM. 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Cooling Water piping system mostly carry seawater and face severe corrosion problem, therefore modern day power plant with large diameter CW piping system require internal ICCP system for corrosion protection. Lett. The general requirements are discus AbstractThe paper reviews the practical use of anodic protection in preventing the onset of corrosion in chemical plant. B. Lumsden, and R. W. Staehle, Surf. This invention relates to protection of a metal component exposed to a corroding medium. Applied also filling graphite anode coating suspensions. An understanding of the electrochemical principles on which the application of anodic protection is based is beneficial for anyone who believes that the method may be useful in controlling corrosion of his equipment. Chapters are included concerning strategic importance of metals and alloys in modern industry, applications to industrial equipment, descriptions of equipment used in the technique; design, operation . 108, 732 (1961). Filling anode coating lubricating oils has been used in those engineering solutions, where on a given surface needs constant lubrication. . 19, 180t, May (1963); 25, 130, March (1969). [Pg.2424] Bockris, J. Electrochem. In recent decades, the anodic coating, colorless and colored, massively used for interior and exterior building materials and components, including, window, doors, facades of buildings, internal partitions and railings. This coating consists of the oxide film that is created on metal through electrolysis, with the metal acting as an anode. Abstract This paper presents the factors which are important to consider in evaluating a given metal-electrolyte system for the application of anodic protection. Germanium solid state elements are used. U.S. Misc. The present paper gives a brief review. International search report in corresponding PCT/NL2007/000113. Corrosion Detection of Stray Currents. The anodic protection process is applicable to highly conductive solutions which exhibit the property of establishing a passive range with the metal in question. Sci. The materials used for this purpose are magnesium, aluminum and zinc. i.e. Abstract This paper presents the factors which are important to consider in evaluating a given metal-electrolyte system for the application of anodic protection. DOI: 10.1016/J.CORSCI.2006.04.019 Corpus ID: 96647220; Application of polyaniline to galvanic anodic protection on stainless steel in H2SO4 solutions @article{Zhong2006ApplicationOP, title={Application of polyaniline to galvanic anodic protection on stainless steel in H2SO4 solutions}, author={Lian Zhong and Shuhu Xiao and Jie Hu and Hua Zhu and Fu-xing Gan}, journal={Corrosion Science}, year . A. N. Frumicia, U. S. Bagot Skii, Z. 110, 605 (1963). Stray Current Effects in Cathodic Protection. A method for operating a component of metal being exposed to a corroding medium, the component being combined with a sacrificial anode, the component and the sacrificial anode are provided in and are contacting the same corroding medium, and are mounted such that they exclusively make galvanic contact with each other through the corroding medium, and a galvanic circuit with galvanic solid state elements is used, for one or more of: retarding or avoiding fouling of the component; wherein the sacrificial anode is an energy source used in the galvanic circuit for supplying one or more of: an automatic adapted galvanic current, and. B. N. Kabanov, J. Electrochem. wherein the sacrificial anode is connected through an astable multivibrator with germanium transistors to the metal structure, wherein the sacrificial anode supplies a direct current (DC) transferred by the astabile multivibrator into an alternating current, such that a pulsating potential is supplied to the metal structure. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. The economic advantages are briefly indicated. An anodic coating is a type of coating material that utilizes anodizing to provide increased thickness, color and protection to aluminum or any type of substrate. By making use of the own galvanic/electric power of the sacrificial anode, e.g. Download scientific diagram | GDOES elemental depth profiles of carbon steel with a PPy/anodic oxide composite coating (a) before and after immersion in 3.5% NaCl solution for (b) 24 and (c) 58 h. Thus, the sulfur dioxide, The effects of W (0.05 wt% W), Mo (0.05 wt% Mo), and Ti (0.05 wt% Ti) addition on the corrosion resistance of low-alloy steel used in flue gas desulfurization systems were examined using, By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. J. OSTI.GOV Journal Article: CORROSION CONTROL BY ANODIC PROTECTION. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. techniqueeither cathodic protection (CP) or anodic protection (AP). Anodic protection has been most extensively applied to protect equipment used to store and handle sulfuric acid. Stand. N. J. Taylor, Techniques of Metals Research, Vol. Locating the Source of Static Interference. N. Sato and B. Okamoto, J. Electrochem. W. L. Bragg and J. For cathodic protection (hereafter named CP), you are referred to guideline NORSOK RP B401 as an example. A. Lofa, V. V. Batrakov, and Cho-Ngok-Ba, Electrochim. Chapters are included concerning strategic importance of metals and alloys in modern industry, applications to industrial equipment, descriptions of equipment used in the technique; design, operation and maintenance; economics, scientific principles, characteristics of potentiostats, laboratory tests and procedures, selected application examples and projected future uses. 1, 1 (1972). C. L. Foley, J. Druger, and C. J. Bechtoldt, J. Elecktrochem. It is used for corrosion protection of aluminum aircraft parts, when they can not be painted. be obtained by connecting the sacrificial anode to a convenient electrical circuit, such as an astabile multivibrator. The greatest class exclusion are those solutions containing the halogens. Full Record; Other Related Research; Authors: Edeleanu, C Publication Date: Wed Sep 01 00:00:00 EDT 1954 Research Org. This was the standard surface treatment for aluminum (duralumin) aircraft parts., and she still spelled out in the standards, for example, in modern British military standard DEF STAN 03-24/3. B. Winterbottom, Trans. Cathodic Protection is an industrial technique for controlling metallic corrosion that occurs in the Anode by oxidation and metal is lost, whereas in the cathode protection occurs by the reduction reaction. Metall. 7, R. F. Brunshah, ed., Interscience, New York, (1971). Pub. With the ability to anodic coatings absorb dyes, receive a wide range of "colored aluminum". In: Anodic Protection. 36, 526 (1973). The objectives of this book are to give technical information about anodic pro tection, explain how economic analyses are made to determine whether or not it should be used, and describe some of the applications and equipment. C. C. Chang, Surf. J. Chem. Another example (not illustrated) relates to switching with the resistor of the CP-system the basis of the (germanium) transistor. Preferably such a solid state element has a threshold voltage of 0.5 Volt or 0.3 Volt at the most. CORROSION CONTROL BY ANODIC PROTECTION. Operating characteristics, hardware improvements and digester inspection results are discussed. Sci. 57, 157 (1941). The U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Scientific and Technical Information Donor doped and reduced solid sintered titanate compounds yielded electrically conductive materials, but they broke down so quickly and severely under anodic polarization testing that they are not suitable for cathodic protection applications. A method for operating a component of metal being exposed to a corroding medium, the component being combined with a sacrificial anode, the component and the sacrificial anode are provided in and are contacting the same corroding medium, and are mounted such that they exclusively make galvanic contact with each other through the corroding medium, and a galvanic circuit with galvanic solid state elements is used, for one or more of: wherein the sacrificial anode is used to supply energy to a component, such as a solid state element, condenser, IC or battery. Vol. Select-ing the appropriate protection method depends primarily on the metal/envi-ronment characteristics. Abstract Anodic protection was applied to certain special alloys following an investigation into their anodic polarization characteristics in 0.1 percent HNO3 + 5 percent HCOOH + 20 percent NH4F solution saturated with SO2. K. F. Bonhoeffer, Z. Elektrochem. 37, 268 (1959). Pub. One or more of the following are provided: cathodic. Sci. Hewmann, Z. Elektrochem. 12. In addition, intercrystalline corrosion, knifeline attack . 1. Anodic protection is a kind of corrosion protection designed to protect metals exposed in highly corrosive environments that are either too acidic or too basic for metals. M. Kesten and H. G. Feller, Electrochim. 6, 1205 (1972). Anodic protection uses a layer of protective coating on the surface of the metal, which is commonly known as the substrate. (solid state) circuits can be supplied. Hard anodizing coating with a thickness from normal 40 to 60 um successfully used in various machine parts, for example, hydraulic and pneumatic cylinders. 256, p. 229, Washington, (1964). 16, 763778 (1971). At. Final report, Anodic protection: theory and practice in the prevention of corrosion. J. OM. W. K. Palk and J. OM. Anodically protected heat exchangers used to cool sulfuric acid manufacturing plants have represented one of the more successful ventures for this technology. 256, p. 131, Washington (1964). . Anodic protection systems have been installed in eight hydraulic continuous digesters and one impregnation vessel. U. R. Evans, Nature Most metals exposed to a liquid phase corrosive environment can be protected from aggressive corrosion attack using an electrochemical prevention technique, either cathodic protection (CP), anodic protection (AP) or potential adjustment protection (PAP). Cathodic protection finds conventional uses for the control of external corrosion of immersed and buried steel infrastructure and pipelines. A. lofa, and B. V. Kabanov, Kinetics of Electrode Processes ( English Translation ), Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information, 1967. 7, 341355 (1967). A. 113, 1133 (1966). It is found out that this manner of CP functions well with a constant galvanic conductance/specific resistance of the corroding environment, like (sea) water. 36, 1432 (1962). Sci. This method is called absorption, and it is widely used for a variety of aluminum products cast, pressed, stamped. 31, 1151 (1935). This is particularly true when its use must be technically justified or when decisions must be made about alternative proposals, equipment, or operational modes. Practical application of anodic protection and use. An important role for achieving this property anodized aluminum plays filling pores of the anodizing coating. PATENT EXPIRED FOR FAILURE TO PAY MAINTENANCE FEES (ORIGINAL EVENT CODE: EXP. aluminium-guide.com. 25, 53 (1971). 33, 271 (1972). MAINTENANCE FEE REMINDER MAILED (ORIGINAL EVENT CODE: REM. B. Winterbottom, J. Sci. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Bockris, A. K. N. Reddy, and B. Rao, J. Electrochem. Anodic protection (AP) is a technique to control the corrosion of a metal surface by making it the anode of an electrochemical cell and controlling the electrode potential in a zone where the metal is passive. This study investigated plasma-sprayed ceramic coatings on aluminum and stainless steel substrates, as well as solid sintered ceramics, as less expensive and longer-lived alternatives. 20, 275t-381t, September (1964). A MOSFET transistor is preferably not used, due to insufficient robustness. According to the invention the object is, to use the sacrificial anode as the energy source to supply a pulsating current and/or voltage and/or automatically adapt the, e.g. Anodic protection (AP) is a technique to control the corrosion of a metal surface by making it the anode of an electrochemical cell and controlling the electrode potential in a zone where the metal is passive. 63, 673 (1959). A convenient solid state component is in this respect made of germanium, which as is known has a threshold voltage of 0.3 Volt. ); ENTITY STATUS OF PATENT OWNER: SMALL ENTITY, PATENT EXPIRED DUE TO NONPAYMENT OF MAINTENANCE FEES UNDER 37 CFR 1.362, Cathodic protection automated current and potential measuring device for anodes protecting vessel internals, Method and apparatus for providing electrochemical corrosion protection, Controlled gas conditioning for a reaction gas of a fuel cell, Cathodic protection of aluminium articles, Electrical conditioning system for electrodes in an electrolysis cell, Method of inhibiting corrosion of a component of a marine vessel, Switch mode power supply apparatus with multiple regulated outputs and a single feedback loop, Method and apparatus for instrumental analysis in remote locations, Method and system of preventing fouling and corrosion of biomedical devices and structures, Apparatus for measuring a cathodic protection condition of a buried steel structure, and method, Hybrid type cathode protection system sacrificial anode type cathode protection technologies for marine concrete structure, Cathodic corrosion protection for an aluminum-containing substrate, Cathodic protection method and device for metal structure, Cable cover damage location detection method and cable cover damage location detection device, Electric Heating Element Having An Electrically Operated Heating Element And An Anode For Cathodic Corrosion Protection, System of impressed current cathodic protection for realtime monitoring corrosion of coldest place pipeline, and method for the same, Cathodic protection reference cell article and method, Anticorrosion method and anticorrosion device, Corrosion of Cathodically Polarized Thermally Sprayed Aluminum in Subsea Mud at High Temperature, Corrosion Study and Control of an A-36 Steel Immersed in Chloride Solutions Using a Laboratory Developed Prototype, Method and apparatus for cathodically protecting reinforced concrete structures, Sacrificial anode inspection method and inspection apparatus, Method and arrangement to hinder local corrosion and galvanic corrosion in connection with stainless steels and other passive materials, Detection system for submarine cable to submarine pipeline interference, Method for setting cathodic protection voltage rererence of heatpipe, Independence electrolytic protection system, Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees, Information on status: patent discontinuation, Lapsed due to failure to pay maintenance fee. Bur. Bockris and A. K. N. Reddy, Modern Electrochemistry, Vol. To increase the thermal emissivity anode coatings it is often dyed black. wherein with a resistor of the CP-system the basis of the transistor switches. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-3872-7_6, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Soc. Khim. Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. With sulphuric acid, Abstract Anodic protection (AP) is one of the corrosion control methods that has been widely used in the manufacture, storage, and transport of sulfuric acid. Following a short review of corrosion theory, cathodic and anodic protection is described with reference to some practical problems that arise from the application of these techniques. MAINTENANCE FEE REMINDER MAILED (ORIGINAL EVENT CODE: REM. It is based upon the external application of an anodic current, at a controlled potential, to form a protective film on a metal surface. In this way the current supplied by the sacrificial. Published: 19770101 by The Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. Properties of anodic oxide coatings on aluminum are unique among other coatings. II A common application of internal cathodic protection is water storage tanks, crude storage tanks etc. Chem. Locating the Source of Dynamic Interference. Which of these . News Bull., June (1963). wherein the alternating current coming from an astable multivibrator is fed to a transformer or rectifier. Anodes made of stainless steel substrates with an electroplated coating of a passive metal(tantalum) followed by a lithium-ferrite plasma-sprayed coating showed excellent promise. Uncolored chromium anodizing coating has high corrosion resistance, including saline environment. 62, 674 (1958). B. Lumsden and R. W. Staehle, Scr. J. Kruger, J. Electrochem. Soc. M. Seo, J. of electrical conditions, Controlling or regulating desired parameters. The anodic protection system causes an electrochemical reaction on the steel surface to produce a passive oxide layer that mitigates corrosion. The effectiveness of this method of corrosion prevention was confirmed by the large reduction in corrosion rate. Sci. 9, 1645 (1964). 5, 249 (1943). 2, p. 1325, Plenum, New York, (1970). 53 (420), Part 12 (1951). H. H. Uhlig, Corrosion Handbook, pp. Anodic protection is a technique to reduce corrosion on a metal by polarizing it into its passive region and maintaining it there. We can denote this as AP. Engl. 45, 549A (1973). Technical. The amount of corrosion depends on the metal being used as an anode but is directly proportional to the amount of current supplied. V. Brusic, Oxides and Oxide Films Anodic protection is most commonly applied to stainless steels and other corrosion-resistant metals which need additional corrosion resistance in certain environments. Ya. This combination of an organic coating with chrome anodic coating provides maximum life for the ink layer on the protective coating, and secures the metal even after damage to the paint. It often permits a designer to use a low alloy rather than a corrosion-resistant metal, at an overall cost saving. Cathodic and Anodic Protection. Anodic protection is a type of electrochemical process in which we can protect a metal surface by making it the anode in the electrochemical cell. PETROBRAS, allied to the policy of reduction of emission of pollutants, has been adjusting the processes of the new refineries to obtain products with lower sulfur content. The present application claims priority to International Application No. O. L. Riggs, Jr. PATENT EXPIRED DUE TO NONPAYMENT OF MAINTENANCE FEES UNDER 37 CFR 1.362. J. Chem. Both systems require immersion in an electrolyte, usually water or, in the case of cathodic protection, wet soil or wet concrete. It will be appreciated that besides the sacrificial anode no further voltage or current source has to be used. ); ENTITY STATUS OF PATENT OWNER: SMALL ENTITY, Free format text: Typical applications of anodic protection Anodic protection has been applied to protect storage tanks, reactors, heat exchangers and transportation vessels for corrosive solutions. Phys. A. The most widely used applications of anodic protection systems include: Sulfuric acid piping and storage tanks Continuous and batch digesters Sulfuric acid coolers Liquor storage tanks and clarifiers (black, green and white) The majority of metals will eventually corrode within a range of electrical solution pH and solution potential. London A114, 450 (1927). (1981). Potential Measurements in the Presence of Stray currents. Unable to display preview. Faraday Soc. CORROSION CONTROL BY ANODIC PROTECTION. Kerr McGee Technical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA, You can also search for this author in The application of anodic current to the structure decrease the rate of hydrogen evolution. G. Okamoto, Corros. T. P. Hoar, Nature Theoretical and practical aspects of anodic protection for control of corrosion by a wide range of acidic and alkaline solutions are discussed. Figure 1 1 is a diagram for iron in an aqueous envi-ronment. Anodizing completely solves this problem and is used, for example, all aluminum parts in trains, buses, trolley buses and trams. Technological changes that have resulted in higher temperatures, pres sures, and velocities increase corrosion rates . Fiz. Faraday Soc. steel and stainless steel in 98% sulfuric acid. Sci. The invention will now be illustrated by way of a non-limiting example, referring to the enclosed drawing. Anodic protection (A.P.) It shows . 14, 203 (1937). Munro W.W. Shim Abstract Most metals will corrode within a certain range of electrical solution potential and solution pH. Teplootrazhatelnyj properties thicker anodic coatings used in the manufacture of cooling radiatorov- "combs" in electronic devices, including, in each computer. - 116.203.142.73. His "range" of colors is much narrower, than the adsorption, but quite diverse. Cathodic protection is the use of DC Current from an External Source to oppose the discharge of corrosion current from anodic areas of . 216, December 30 (1967). O. L. Riggs, Jr., in An Interim Report, Continental Oil Company (1957). ); ENTITY STATUS OF PATENT OWNER: SMALL ENTITY, Free format text: Theoretical and practical aspects of anodic protection for control of corrosion by a wide range of acidic and alkaline solutions are discussed.
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