As mainline Protestantism shrinks in Europe and North America due to the rise of secularism or in areas where Christianity is a minority religion as with the Indian subcontinent, Reformed Anglican and Lutheran denominations merge, often creating large nationwide denominations. The other solas, as statements, emerged later, but the thinking they represent was also part of the early Reformation. [15] Calvinist churches spread in Germany,[e] Hungary, the Netherlands, Scotland, Switzerland and France by Protestant Reformers such as John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli and John Knox. In 1517, the theologian Martin Luther spoke out against the established Latin Church in Europe on the subject of indulgences. While all three hold the same fundamental creed, other differences are many. Modern spread after the Irish independence, Expulsion of Finns from Karelia and the Expulsions of Germans. After the establishment of the Geneva academy in 1559, Geneva became the unofficial capital of the Protestant movement, providing refuge for Protestant exiles from all over Europe and educating them as Calvinist missionaries. Charismatic Lutheran congregations in Minnesota became especially large and influential; especially "Hosanna!" By Vincent van Gogh. Today, Lutheranism is one of the largest branches of Protestantism. These two movements quickly agreed on most issues, as the recently introduced printing press spread ideas rapidly from place to place, but some unresolved differences kept them separate. [207][208][209] The United States Declaration of Independence, the United States Constitution, and the American Bill of Rights with its fundamental human rights made this tradition permanent by giving it a legal and political framework. Erasmus held that true religion was a matter of inward devotion rather than outward symbols of ceremony and ritual. The original beliefs of Jacobus Arminius himself are commonly defined as Arminianism, but more broadly, the term may embrace the teachings of Hugo Grotius, John Wesley, and others as well. He advocated an interpretation of the Gospel that led to conflicts with the Catholic Church. [1] However, the theological underpinnings go back much further, as Protestant theologians of the time cited both Church Fathers and the Apostles to justify their choices and formulations. The following links give an overview of the history of Christianity: The following link provides quantitative data related to Christianity and other major religions, including rates of adherence at different points in time: Modernism, fundamentalism, and neo-orthodoxy, "This monumental work is to this day the classic Protestant answer to Trent." Following the Black Death, the initial loss of life due to famine, plague, and pestilence contributed to an intensification of capital accumulation in the urban areas, and thus a stimulus to trade, industry, and burgeoning urban growth in fields as diverse as banking (the Fugger banking family in Augsburg and the Medici family of Florence being the most prominent); textiles, armaments, especially stimulated by the Hundred Years' War, and mining of iron ore due, in large part, to the booming armaments industry. [106], The Baptist World Alliance reports more than 41million members in more than 150,000 congregations. Luther affirmed a theology of the Eucharist called Sacramental Union, In the sacramental union the consecrated bread is united with the body of Christ and the consecrated wine is united with the blood of Christ by virtue of Christ's original institution with the result that anyone eating and drinking these "elements"the consecrated bread and winereally eats and drinks the physical body and blood of Christ as well. The Scottish Reformation Parliament of 1560 repudiated the pope's authority by the Papal Jurisdiction Act 1560, forbade the celebration of the Mass and approved a Protestant Confession of Faith. What impact did Henry VIII's actions have on England in the second half of the 1500's? [13] France suffered its own religious wars. However, the movement has managed in an informal way, to reserve the name Evangelical for those who adhere to an historic Christian faith, a paleo-orthodoxy, as some have put it. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/origin-of-the-word-protestant-1221778. A.D. 311-600 - Christian Classics Ethereal Library", "Gottschalk Of Orbais | Roman Catholic theologian | Britannica", "Reformation parallels: the case of Gottschalk of Orbais", "Ratramnus | Benedictine theologian | Britannica", "Friends of God | religious group | Britannica", "Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Church, Volume VI: The Middle Ages. On the contrary, the visible unity of the catholic or universal church was seen by the Protestant reformers as an important and essential doctrine of the Reformation. [19][20] Some Protestant denominations[which?] Hussites were a predominantly religious movement was propelled by social issues and strengthened Czech national awareness. [18][243][257] Since 1900, Protestantism has spread rapidly in Africa, Asia, Oceania and Latin America. [37] His marriage to Katharina von Bora set a model for the practice of clerical marriage within Protestantism.[38]. [69], The Fourth Great Awakening was a Christian religious awakening that some scholarsmost notably, Robert Fogelsay took place in the United States in the late 1960s and early 1970s, while others look at the era following World War II. Methodism is known for its rich musical tradition; John Wesley's brother, Charles, was instrumental in writing much of the hymnody of the Methodist Church,[121] and many other eminent hymn writers come from the Methodist tradition. There was more attention to historic creeds such as the Augsburg, the Heidelberg, and the Westminster confessions. Ray Muller, who went on to invite Bennett to New Zealand in 1966, and played a leading role in developing and promoting the Life in the Spirit seminars. https://www.thoughtco.com/origin-of-the-word-protestant-1221778 (accessed November 8, 2022). This led to a split in the Church. Because of its extremist political views, however, its appeal has been largely limited to the highly educated, especially those with erstwhile humanist sentiments; the thoroughgoing aversion to institutionalism on Christian anarchists' part has also hindered acceptance of this philosophy on a large scale. Trends are visible, however, as most united and uniting churches have one or more predecessors with heritage in the Reformed tradition and many are members of the World Alliance of Reformed Churches. A hymnal of the Free Methodist Church, a Methodist denomination aligned with the holiness movement. Distribution of Protestantism and Roman Catholicism in Central Europe on the eve of the Thirty Years' War (1618) Crypto-Protestants are not shown. New York: Motilal Banarsidass (Pvt. Although there exists a diversity in the Evangelical community worldwide, the ties that bind all Evangelicals are still apparent. It resulted from powerful preaching that gave listeners a sense of deep personal revelation of their need of salvation by Jesus Christ. The crisis of theology beginning with William of Ockham in the fourteenth century was occurring in conjunction with the new burgher discontent. A Protestant is someone who follows one of the numerous branches of Protestantism, the form of Christianity that was created during the Reformation of the 16th century and spread across Europe (and later, the world). The century saw the rise of both liberal and conservative splinter groups, as well as a general secularization of Western society. Martin Luther always disliked the term Lutheran, preferring the term evangelical, which was derived from euangelion, a Greek word meaning "good news", i.e. He attacked monasticism, ascetism and believed that a saved believer can never be overcome by Satan. The Dutch people rebelled in the Eighty Years' War. (2020, August 28). Some of Hus' followers founded the Unitas Fratrum"Unity of the Brethren"which was renewed under the leadership of Count Nicolaus von Zinzendorf in Herrnhut, Saxony, in 1722 after its almost total destruction in the Thirty Years' War and the Counter-Reformation. The earliest origin of Protestantism is controversial; with some Protestants today claiming origin back to people in the early church deemed heretical such as Jovinian and Vigilantius.[2]. A Beginner's Guide to the Protestant Reformation, The Diet of Worms 1521: Luther Squares Off with the Emperor, What Is an Absolute Monarchy? Anglicans and Methodists refuse to define the Presence, preferring to leave it a mystery. [200][201], Protestants also took the initiative in advocating for religious freedom. Various ecumenical movements have attempted cooperation or reorganization of the various divided Protestant denominations, according to various models of union, but divisions continue to outpace unions, as there is no overarching authority to which any of the churches owe allegiance, which can authoritatively define the faith. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. One, but not the only expression of the ecumenical movement, has been the move to form united churches, such as the Church of South India, the Church of North India, the US-based United Church of Christ, the United Church of Canada, the Uniting Church in Australia and the United Church of Christ in the Philippines which have rapidly declining memberships. The term liturgy comes from Greek and means "public work". Beyond the reach of the French kings in Geneva, Calvin continued to take an interest in the religious affairs of his native land including the training of ministers for congregations in France. Nowadays, the term Protestantism is already been used to describe the Western Christianity that is no longer under papal authority. Pentecostalism is a movement that places special emphasis on a direct personal experience of God through the baptism with the Holy Spirit. Though Charles V fought the Reformation, it is no coincidence either that the reign of his nationalistic predecessor Maximilian I saw the beginning of the movement. These also spread later to other parts of Europe. From the religious point of view of the typical Protestant, major changes were underway in terms of a much more personalized religiosity that focused on the individual more than the church or the ceremony. They include those with evangelical, holiness, liberal, and traditional conservative Quaker understandings of Christianity. He enclosed in his letter a copy of his "Disputation of Martin Luther on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences," which came to be known as The 95 Theses. In response to the Edict of Fontainebleau, Frederick William of Brandenburg declared the Edict of Potsdam, giving free passage to French Huguenot refugees, and tax-free status to them for 10 years. [141], A minority of Seventh-day Adventists today are charismatic. The Augustinianism of the Reformers struggled against Pelagianism, a heresy that they perceived in the Catholic Church of their day. Methodism identifies principally with the theology of John Wesleyan Anglican priest and evangelist. Other tenets of Baptist churches include soul competency (liberty), salvation through faith alone, Scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice, and the autonomy of the local congregation. In Congregational and Presbyterian churches which profess a traditionally Calvinist or Reformed theology there are differing views regarding present-day continuation or cessation of the gifts (charismata) of the Spirit. All of Scandinavia ultimately adopted Lutheranism over the course of the sixteenth century, as the monarchs of Denmark (who also ruled Norway and Iceland) and Sweden (who also ruled Finland) converted to that faith. Many Protestants became crypto-Protestants in areas under Habsburg control. Wherever Protestantism gained a foothold, it influenced the social, economic, political, and cultural life of the area. First appearance: before 1640. The Gottesfreunde were a democratic lay movement and forerunner of the Reformation and put heavy stress of holiness and piety,[52], Starting in 1475, an Italian Dominican friar Girolamo Savonarola was calling for a Christian renewal. Some, such as Jerry Falwell, have managed to maintain credibility in the eyes of many fundamentalists, as well as to gain stature as a more moderate Evangelical. An Evangelical Protestant church in Hmeenlinna, Finland. The Crucifixion of Christ by Lucas Cranach the Elder. This empowerment includes the use of spiritual gifts such as speaking in tongues and divine healingtwo other defining characteristics of Pentecostalism. [205][206] Under the leadership of Baptist Roger Williams, Congregationalist Thomas Hooker, and Quaker William Penn, respectively, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania combined democratic constitutions with freedom of religion. [213][214][215], Democracy, social-contract theory, separation of powers, religious freedom, separation of church and statethese achievements of the Reformation and early Protestantism were elaborated on and popularized by Enlightenment thinkers. His primary source of inspiration for reform was the Bible. However, there were wars and much bloodshed in the process, including the Thirty Years War, which has been called as devastating for Germany as the conflicts of the 21st century.. The First Baptist Church in America. For further details, see the section below. Protestant Christianity in the 20th century was characterized by accelerating fragmentation. It is opposed to the hierarchical system which puts the essence and authority of the Church in an exclusive priesthood, and which makes ordained priests the necessary mediators between God and the people. Parish priests often did not know Latin and rural parishes often did not have great opportunities for theological education for many at the time. Other Protestant movements grew up along lines of mysticism or humanism (cf. [7] Various estimates put the percentage of Protestants in relation to the total number of world's Christians at 33%,[241] 36%,[248] 36.7%,[7] and 40%,[18] while in relation to the world's population at 11.6%[7] and 13%. [101] Many of the new Anglican formularies of the mid-16th century corresponded closely to those of contemporary Reformed tradition. [243] In 2010, more Protestants lived in India than in the UK or Germany, while Protestants in Brazil accounted for as many people as Protestants in the UK and Germany combined. Yet, at a popular level, religion in England was still in a state of flux. [7] Clarke and Beyer estimate that Protestants constituted 15% of all Europeans in 2009, while Noll claims that less than 12% of them lived in Europe in 2010. This page was last edited on 23 August 2022, at 20:59. The faith continued to spread after Calvin's death in 1563. Thus, the ensuing revival of Augustinian theology, stating that man cannot be saved by his own efforts but only by the grace of God, would erode the legitimacy of the rigid institutions of the church meant to provide a channel for man to do good works and get into heaven. Originally, Luther intended to reform the Roman Catholic Church rather than break it up. Those who call themselves "moderate evangelicals"(although considered conservative in relation to society as a whole) still hold fast to the fundamentals of the historic Christian faith. Pentecostalism, which in turn birthed the Charismatic movement within already established denominations, continues to be an important force in western Christianity. British coronations are held in Westminster Abbey, a royal peculiar under the direct jurisdiction of the monarch. Arnulf, Archbishop of Reims in the 10th century became the first person on record to call a pope the Antichrist, a charge that was repeated by the Waldensians and also Luther when he burned the very papal bull, Exsurge Domine which commanded him to burn his own books. In North America, South America and Australia, the other three continents where Christianity is the dominant professed religion, religious observance is much higher than in Europe. [citation needed], The Great Awakenings were periods of rapid and dramatic religious revival in American religious history, from the 1730s to the mid-19th century. The spread of Gutenberg's printing press provided the means for the rapid dissemination of religious materials in local languages. from page three of. The English Reformation followed a particular course. In Italy Lorenzo Valla (140757) used philology and historical inquiry to expose a number of forgeries, including the Donation of Constantine, which purportedly granted control over the Western Roman Empire to the pope. Karl von Miltitz, a papal nuncio, attempted to broker a solution, but Luther, who had sent the Pope a copy of his conciliatory On the Freedom of a Christian (which the Pope refused to read) in October, publicly set fire to the bull and decretals at Wittenberg on 10 December 1520,[47] an act he defended in Why the Pope and his Recent Book are Burned and Assertions Concerning All Articles. Andreas Karlstadt disagreed theologically with Huldrych Zwingli and Martin Luther, teaching nonviolence and refusing to baptize infants while not rebaptizing adult believers. The chart below shows the mutual relations and historical origins of the main Protestant denominational families, or their parts. Alongside a piety that combined moral revulsion with nationalism, Christian humanism was a further sign of unrest in the late medieval church. Countries by percentage of Protestants in 1545. Some of the most important activists of the Protestant Reformation included Jacobus Arminius, Theodore Beza, Martin Bucer, Andreas von Carlstadt, Heinrich Bullinger, Balthasar Hubmaier, Thomas Cranmer, William Farel, Thomas Mntzer, Laurentius Petri, Olaus Petri, Philipp Melanchthon, Menno Simons, Louis de Berquin, Primo Trubar and John Smyth. What Is the Origin of the Word 'Protestant?'. Baptist missionaries have spread their church to every continent. [152][153] They took on distinctive beliefs about clerical dress and in opposition to the episcopal system, particularly after the 1619 conclusions of the Synod of Dort they were resisted by the English bishops. Evangelicalism is a prominent example. [7][8][b] With postsecular rapid population growth, Protestants are projected to be the majority of Christians within the coming decades. Although its theology was based on ideals expressed during the Second Great Awakening, its focus on poverty was of the Third. Thus, the idea of a Fourth Great Awakening itself has not been generally accepted.[70]. With approximately 80million adherents,[117] it constitutes the third most common Protestant confession after historically Pentecostal denominations and Anglicanism. Modernism and liberalism do not constitute rigorous and well-defined schools of theology, but are rather an inclination by some writers and teachers to integrate Christian thought into the spirit of the Age of Enlightenment. [33], The universal priesthood of believers implies the right and duty of the Christian laity not only to read the Bible in the vernacular, but also to take part in the government and all the public affairs of the Church. [212] The Declaration by United Nations and Universal Declaration of Human Rights also echo the American constitutional tradition. [34] There are scholars who cite that this doctrine tends to subsume all distinctions in the church under a single spiritual entity. Arminianism is known to some as a soteriological diversification of Calvinism. [68] It gathered strength from the postmillennial belief that the Second Coming of Christ would occur after mankind had reformed the entire earth. Protestantism was the religion of the Protestants which were people who were Christians who belonged to non-Catholic churches in the 1500s. Confessionalism is a term employed by historians to refer to "the creation of fixed identities and systems of beliefs for separate churches which had previously been more fluid in their self-understanding, and which had not begun by seeking separate identities for themselvesthey had wanted to be truly Catholic and reformed." In the 1530 Augsburg Confession, the Lutheran position as stated in Article X: Of the Lords Supper earned the Catholic response in the Confutatio Augustana that "The tenth article gives no offense in its words. One of the early Reformers was John Wycliffe, an English theologian and early proponent of reform in the 14th century. They thus became known as Protestants, those who protested. [11] Lutherans never responded to this work. Despite differences in their theology, Southern German cities aligned with Swiss reformer Zwingli joined other German powers following Luther to sign on to the Protest as one. His goal was to unify the Protestant churches, and to impose a single standardized liturgy, organization and even architecture. [m] They were thus technically Anabaptists, even though conservative Amish, Mennonites, and Hutterites and some historians tend to consider them as outside of true Anabaptism. Tuvalu has the only established church in Reformed tradition in the world, while Tongain the Methodist tradition. The Radical Reformation, had no state sponsorship. This was markedly far-removed from the traditional and historic Catholic understanding that the Roman Catholic Church was the one true Church of Christ.[r]. Reformers in the Church of England alternated, for centuries, between sympathies for Catholic traditions and Protestantism, progressively forging a stable compromise between adherence to ancient tradition and Protestantism, which is now sometimes called the via media. Australia, New Zealand, and India. In the postWorld War II era, the trend began to swing back towards the conservative camp in America's seminaries and church structures. The second reason for difficulty in understanding the period is that the 15th-century critics of the church were not Pre-Reformers; they neither anticipated Protestantism nor acquired their importance from the Reformation. Other denominations accounted for 38% of Protestants. Where did protestantism originate? "[32] Lutheran and Reformed Christians differ from Methodists in their understanding of this doctrine. After the Edict of Fontainebleau Crypto-Protestants are not shown. There are an estimated 285,480,000 Evangelicals, corresponding to 13% of the Christian population and 4% of the total world population. They largely adopted Sabbatarianism in the 17th century, and were influenced by millennialism. Even "Liberal" Evangelicals label themselves as such not so much in terms of their theology, but rather to advertise that they are progressive in their civic, social, or scientific perspective. Wiki User. During the Reformation, the term protestant was hardly used outside of German politics. The term Protestant came into use in the 16th century and, unlike many historical terms, you can work out what it means with a little bit of guesswork: it is, quite simply, all about "protest." Thomas Mntzer was involved in the German Peasants' War. Beginning in the 1980s, the rapid fragmenting became accompanied by a general secularization of Western society. Atrocity and outrage became the defining characteristics of the time, illustrated at their most intense in the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of August 1572, when the Catholic party annihilated between 30,000 and 100,000 Huguenots across France. In Germany Johannes Reuchlin (14551522) studied Greek and Hebrew, the biblical languages, and was involved in an international controversy that pitted intellectual freedom against ecclesiastical authority. Only at Word Panda dictionary. The Ordination of Elders in a Scottish Kirk, by John Henry Lorimer, 1891. What impact did Henry H action have on England in the second half of the 1500s. Lutheran theology differs from Reformed theology in Christology, the purpose of God's Law, divine grace, the concept of perseverance of the saints, and predestination. Where did the term Protestantism originate? The Magisterial reformers, such as Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Huldrych Zwingli, believed that they were reforming the Catholic Church, which they viewed as having become corrupted. Protestantism as a movement evolved in the decades following this act as Luther's ideas and theological arguments took root and the Catholic Church resisted and rejected them. [204] Their thinking influenced John Milton and John Locke's stance on tolerance. As a result, productivity grew, which led to increased profits and enabled employers to pay higher wages. It gathered strength from the postmillennial theology that the Second Coming of Christ would come after mankind had reformed the entire earth. They therefore included Baptists, Quakers, and Catholic-minded Anglicans under the term. No single form, governmental structure, or style of church service characterizes all neo-charismatic services and churches. Early Protestants rejected the Catholic dogma of transubstantiation, which teaches that the bread and wine used in the sacrificial rite of the Mass lose their natural substance by being transformed into the body, blood, soul, and divinity of Christ. Pilgrim Fathers landing at Plymouth Rock in 1620. Magisterial Protestant, Independent, Anabaptist and Anglican parties are understood as Protestant as stated previously in the article, as well as in the book: A flexible term; defined as all forms of Protestantism with the notable exception of the historical denominations deriving from the Protestant Reformation. [66] It enrolled millions of new members in existing evangelical denominations and led to the formation of new denominations. Those early reformers influenced German monk Martin Luther, who spread the Protestant Reformation. In particular, American Protestantism was affected by this phenomenon with both mainline and conservative sides being affected. Evangelicalism, or evangelical Protestantism,[n] is a worldwide, transdenominational movement which maintains that the essence of the gospel consists in the doctrine of salvation by grace through faith in Jesus Christ's atonement.[135][136].
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